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ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืžื—ืคืฉ ื—ื‘ืจ


"ื”ึธื™ึนื” ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืึทืจึฐื ึธื‘ ืงึฐื˜ึดื™ืคึธื”. ื‘ึผึทื”ึทืชึฐื—ึธืœึธื” ื”ื•ึผื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืžึทืจึฐื”ึดื™ื‘ ื‘ึผึฐื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ. ืฉืึธืžึถืŸ ื•ึฐืชึทืคึผื•ึผื—ึท, ื›ึผึฐืคึดื™ ืฉืึถืึทืจึฐื ึธื‘ ืฆึธืจึดื™ืšึฐ ืœึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึนืช."


ื›ืš ื ืคืชื— ื”ืกืคืจ ืืจื ื‘ ื”ืงื˜ื™ืคื”, ืื•: ืื™ืš ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1922 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจื’'ืจื™ ื•ื™ืœื™ืืžืก (ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืžืื™ืจื” ืคื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช). ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืกืคืจ, ื”ืืจื ื‘ ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ื ืฉื—ืง ื•ืžืชื‘ืœื” ื•ืœื•ืžื“ ื›ื™ ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื "ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื" ื”ื ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ื™ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื• ืกื•ืก ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืข:


"ืึฒืžึดืชึผึดื™ ื–ึถื” ืœึนื ืžึดืžึผึธื” ืึทืชึผึธื” ืขึธืฉื‚ื•ึผื™.. ืึถืœึผึธื ืžึทืฉึผืึถื”ื•ึผ ืฉืึถืงึผื•ึนืจึถื” ืœึฐืšึธ. ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถื™ึผึถืœึถื“ ืื•ึนื”ึตื‘ ืื•ึนืชึฐืšึธ ื”ึทืจึฐื‘ึผึตื” ืžึฐืึนื“ ื–ึฐืžึทืŸ... ื‘ึผึฐื“ึถืจึถืšึฐ ื›ึผึฐืœึธืœ ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถืึทืชึผึธื” ื ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ืึฒืžึดืชึผึดื™ ืึทืชึผึธื” ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจ ื›ึผึดืžึฐืขึทื˜ ืงึถืจึทื— ืžึตืจึทื‘ ืึทื”ึฒื‘ึธื”, ื•ึฐื”ึธืขึตื™ื ึทื™ึดื ืฉืึถืœึผึฐืšึธ ื ื•ึนืคึฐืœื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึดื‘ึผื•ึผืจึดื™ื ืฉืึถืœึผึฐืšึธ ืžึดืชึฐืจื•ึนืคึฐืคึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึทืชึผึธื” ืžึฐืจึปืคึผึธื˜ ืžึฐืึนื“."


ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื–ื”, ื”"ื“ื•ื‘ื™" ืื• ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื—ื“ืฉ ืื• ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœ, ืืœื• ืฉื”ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืชื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขืฆื ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื”ื.

ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืคืจืฆื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืชืœืฉื• ืžื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืžืฉื™ื’ืจืชื. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ ืืช ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื”ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื. ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื, ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืข ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืขื ื” ืœืฉืœืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ื ื•ืช.

ืœืžื•ืœ ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืงื ืœื• ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืื—ื“, ืจื’ื™ืฉ, ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ ื•ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืœืžื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช- ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืื—ื“, ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ื”ืžืฉื•ืžืฉ ื•ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ, ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื•.


ืืจื ื‘ ื”ืงื˜ื™ืคื”, ืื•: ืื™ืš ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื. ืื™ื•ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื ื™ืงื•ืœืกื•ืŸ

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื–ื”, ื”"ื“ื•ื‘ื™" ืื• ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื—ื“ืฉ ืื• ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœ, ืืœื• ืฉื”ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืชื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขืฆื ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื”ื.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื™ื–ืžื” ืฉื™ืจืœื™ ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืง, ืžืจืคืื” ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขืจ, ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœื• ื”ืŸ ืขื™ืจื™ืช ืื‘ื™ืจ, ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ืช, ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ื•ืžืื™ื™ืจืช ื•ื™ื•ื ืช ืœื™ืก, ืืฉืช ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื. ืฉืœื•ืฉืชืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉืชืŸ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืžืฆืืช ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืงืจ. ืœืฆื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™, ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื, ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ืœืืœื• ืืฉืจ ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ืข ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืœ ืขื ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื.



ื”ื’'ื™ืจืคื” ื•ื”ืฉื•ืขืœ

ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžื™ื–ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฉื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืคืจืกืžื” ื™ื•ื ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื, ื—ื‘ืจืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื ื™ืจ ืขื•ื–, ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ืคืฉื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืคื™ื ื•ื™. ืœื‘ืงืฉื” ืฆื•ืจืคื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช- ืฉื•ืขืœ ื•ื’'ื™ืจืคื”. ืฉื™ืจืœื™ ื–ื™ื”ืชื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื” ื‘ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื”ื” ืœื‘ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื•ืขืœ, ื•ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆืื” ืืช ื‘ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื’'ื™ืจืคื”. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืฉืขื” ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉืชื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ ืžืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื ื™ืจ ืขื•ื– ื‘ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืชืŸ.

ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™, ื”ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ื’ืจืžื• ืœืฉื™ืจืœื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ืขืœื• ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื. ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืขืจื‘ ื”ืจื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ื›ืคืคื” ื•ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื•ื•ืื˜ืกืืค ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืžืฆืืช ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ื–ื ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื ืœืœื™ื‘ื ืžืื—ื•ืจ. ื™ื•ื ืช ื•ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืžื™ื“ ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช, ื•ืžืื– ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ืžืชืคืชื— ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ "ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืžื—ืคืฉ ื—ื‘ืจ" ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืชืŸ ืขื“ ื›ื” ืžืขื ื” ืœืžืื•ืช ืคื ื™ื•ืช.


ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืืœื ื‘ืžืชื ื”, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืžืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™. ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•, ื”ื™ืœื“ ืื• ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ืžืชื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืžื™ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื•

ืขื ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื•ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœื• ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื–ืจื•ื ื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืขื ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ, ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื’ื•ื’ืœ ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืจืง ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื›ืžื• "ืฆื‘ ืžื—ื™ื™ืš ืขื ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืง". ืขื ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื•ืžื™ื“ืขื ื•ืช ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื™ืœื•ืฉ. ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื•ืจื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื•ื‘ื•ื•ืื˜ืกืืค, ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื‘ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื›ื–ื” ืฉืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื™ืœื“ื” ืื• ืœื™ืœื“ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืชื ื” ืœื™ืœื“ ืื• ื™ืœื“ื” ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ. ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช, ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช, ื—ืœืง ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ ื•ื—ืœืง ืคื—ื•ืช, ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ, ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืฆื‘ืข.. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ. ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืœืื—ืจ ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื•ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืฆื“ ื”ื™ืœื“, ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืื• ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ืžื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื ื•ืชื ืช, ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืขื• ืœื™ืขื“. ืฉื™ืจืœื™ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ื™ ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืืœื ื‘ืžืชื ื”, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืžืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™. ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•, ื”ื™ืœื“ ืื• ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ืžืชื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืžื™ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžื™ื–ื ืื•ืช ื”ื•ืงืจื” ื•ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ื›ืœ ืžืื“ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืžืื“ ื’ืœื•ื™. ืื ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืื• ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืจื•ื ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื—ื“ืฉ, ื–ื”ื” ืœื–ื” ืฉืžื—ืคืฉื™ื, ื‘ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื•, ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื•. ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืจืœื™ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื” ื›ื™ ื› 90 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ืžื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช.

ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ืžืชืŸ ืžืขื ื” ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื. ืฉื™ืจืœื™, ื™ื•ื ืช ื•ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื‘ืืกืคืงื˜ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืคืขื•ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื•ืœืฆื™ื“ืŸ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืžืขืจืš ื”ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื•ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ ื•ืžืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ืœืฆื“ ื”ืชืคืขื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื•ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ื ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ืข ื•ื”ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ื•ืžื ื”ืœืช ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืกื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ืœื™ืขื“ื. ืขื™ืจื™ืช ืื—ืจืื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืฆืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื•ืชืคืขื•ืœ ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืืฉืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ื” 3000 ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฆืžื•ื— ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.



ื›ืœ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืื• ื‘ื•ื‘ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืขื ืžื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื™ ืžื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื ื•ืชื ืช

ืจื›ื‘ ืขืžื•ืก ื‘ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืื•ืชื. ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ืขื™ืจื™ืช ืื‘ื™ืจ

ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืฉื’ืจื”, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื ื›ืคื” ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื“ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืชืคืก ืœืขื™ืชื™ื, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืฉื•ืœื™, ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฉืืจ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื.

ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื–ืžื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืจืœื™ ื ื™ื’ืฉื” ืœืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืžืคื•ื ื™ื ืขื ืชื’ ืฉื ื•ืฉืœื˜ ื•ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื ื• ืืœื™ื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื™ื–ื•ื ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืžืคื•ื ื™ื, ืœื”ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ.

ื›ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืขื ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžืฉื—ืง, ืฉื™ืจืœื™ ืžื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืกืŸ, ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื•ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื. ืœื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืœืจืงื•ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™, ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง, ืœื‘ื›ื™, ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืฉืืœื•ืช. ืœืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ืœืœื ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื“ ืื• ื™ืœื“ื” ืœืฆืขืฆื•ืข, ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ืงืœ ืœื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•. ื’ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื, ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื”"ืื—ื“".

ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืงืจื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืžืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœืฉื™ืจืœื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืก ื•ืืžืจื• ืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื›ื™ "ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื". ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžื”ืจื™ื ืœืขื ื•ืช ื›ื™ "ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื™ ืœื ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช" ืื• "ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”". ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื’ื ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื• ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจื›ื•ืช, ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ ืื• ื™ืœื“ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื.

ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืฉื’ืจื”, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื ื›ืคื” ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื“ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืชืคืก ืœืขื™ืชื™ื, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืฉื•ืœื™, ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฉืืจ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื.

ืฉื™ืจืœื™ ืžืงืคื™ื“ื” ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืชืืจืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”"ื“ื•ื‘ื™", ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื•ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืคืชืื•ื ื ื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืื• ื”ื™ืœื“. ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื›ื–ื” ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื ืžืชื’ืขื’ืขื™ื, ืฉืื™ืชื• ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื "ื“ื•ื‘ื™". ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืข, ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืžืขืจืš ื”ืžื™ื“ืขื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืœื•ืฉ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขื“ ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืœ. ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช. ืฉื™ืจืœื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืฉื•ืžืขืช ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื, ืžื—ืคืฉืช ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื ืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืชืืžื”. ืขืฆื ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ืจื‘. ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ืืจื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื•ืื•ืชื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ืืœื” ืฉื›ืืžื•ืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืœื ืžืื“ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.

ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื ืชื™ื ื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืขืจืš ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ืข ื”ืžืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช, ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืข ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ.


ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื›ื–ื” ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื ืžืชื’ืขื’ืขื™ื, ืฉืื™ืชื• ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื "ื“ื•ื‘ื™".




ืœื›ืœ ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื•


ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜, ืืฉืจ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื” ืืœื ื‘ื ืชื™ื ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžืื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื’ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื–ื. ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ืชื™ื ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื ื™ ืื—ื™ื ืฉืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื• ื•ืœื•ืื™ื’'ื™- ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืคื ืชื” ืœืขื™ืจื™ืช ืืžื ืฉืืžืจื” ืฉืœื‘ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชืช, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ืกืคื• ื•ืœืชืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืžืชื ื”.

ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื” ืžืื•ืคืงื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืจื“ื ืžืื– ื”ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืœื ื”ืืจื ื‘ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ. ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืืจื ื‘ ื ืงื ืชื” ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื. ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ื”ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืขื“ ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ืฉื ื ืžืฆื ืืจื ื‘ ื–ื”ื” ื•ื ืฉืœื— ืœืืจืฅ.

ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื•ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื‘ื”ืจื’ืขื” ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ืขืจื” ื‘ืช 15 ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉืชื” ืœื”ืจื’ืข ืœืœื ื‘ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื ื™ืžื” ืฉืœื” ืฉื ืฉืืจื” ืžืื—ื•ืจ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืคื ื™ื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ืคืื” ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจื” ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืืจื•ืš ืžืื“ ื ืžืฆืื” ื‘ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื”ื”. ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืจื’ืฉ ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื•ืคื™ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžื‘ืืจื™ ืืฉืจ ืฉืœื—ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืขื ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืื”ื•ื‘, ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ืœื•ืคื” ื–ื”ื” ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื“, ื•ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื•ื‘ื ืื™ืช ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื” ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ืœื“ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื ืงื˜ื• ื›ืžื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืš ืฉื™ืจืื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืงื•ืจ.


ื”ืืจื ื‘ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื•"ื ืžืฆื ืžื—ื“ืฉ" ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“

ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืžื—ืคืฉ ื—ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืชืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืขื ืง, ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.

ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื ืชื™ื ื”, ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืื“ ื•ืœื ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ ืœืžืกื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื ื“ื™ื‘ื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชื”ื™ื”. ื”ื ืชื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื ืžื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื ื•ืชื ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืื™ืฉื™. ืฉื™ืจืœื™ ื™ื•ื ืช ื•ืขื™ืจื™ืช ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืจืงืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืกื™ืจื”.

ืœืื•ืคื™ ื”ื ืชื™ื ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชื ื™ื. ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื” ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื•ืื—ื“ ืจืฆื• ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง, ืœืชืช ืžืฉื”ื•, ืœื”ืชื ื“ื‘, ืœืชืจื•ื. ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžื” ืœืชืช- ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื ื›ืกื™ื, ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื. ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืžื—ืคืฉ ื—ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืชืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืขื ืง, ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.


ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ืžื•ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืžื—ืคืฉ ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื ื˜ื™ ืชื–ื”. ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™, ื‘ืื—ื“, ื‘ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืžืขื ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืงื˜ืŸ, ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขืžืงื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื. ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืœื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ื“ืฉ, ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื•ื ืขืœืžืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืขื™ื ื™ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.


"ื—ึธืœึฐืคื•ึผ ืฉืึธื‘ื•ึผืขื•ึนืช, ื•ึฐื”ึธืึทืจึฐื ึธื‘ ื”ึทืงึผึธื˜ึธืŸ ื”ึดืชึฐื™ึทืฉึผืึตืŸ ื•ึฐื”ึดืชึฐืจึทืคึผึตื˜ ืžึฐืึนื“, ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ื”ึทื™ึผึถืœึถื“ ืึธื”ึทื‘ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐืื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ ืžึดื“ึผึธื”. ื”ื•ึผื ืึธื”ึทื‘ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื›ึผึธืœ ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ืฉืึถืžึผึตืจึทื‘ ืึธื”ึฒื‘ึธื” ื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึธืคึธื ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึธืึทืจึฐื ึธื‘ ื ึธืฉืึทืจ, ื•ึฐื”ึทื‘ึผึดื˜ึฐื ึธื” ื”ึทื•ึผึฐืจึปื“ึผึธื” ืฉืึถืœ ืึธื–ึฐื ึธื™ื• ื”ึถืึฑืคึดื™ืจึธื”, ื•ึฐื”ึทื›ึผึฐืชึธืžึดื™ื ื”ึทื—ื•ึผืžึดื™ื ืฉืึถืœึผื•ึน ื“ึผึธื”ื•ึผ. ื”ื•ึผื ื’ึผึทื ื”ึดืชึฐื—ึดื™ืœ ืœึฐืึทื‘ึผึตื“ ืฆื•ึผืจึธื” ื•ึผื›ึฐื‘ึธืจ ื‘ึผึฐืงึนืฉืึดื™ ื ึดืจึฐืึถื” ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืึทืจึฐื ึธื‘. ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ืœึนื ื‘ึผึฐืขึตื™ื ึทื™ ื”ึทื™ึผึถืœึถื“ "


ืืจื ื‘ ื”ืงื˜ื™ืคื”, ืื•: ืื™ืš ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื. 1922, ืžืืช: ืžืจื’'ืจื™ ื•ื™ืœื™ืืžืก. ืื™ื•ืจื™ื: ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืœื™. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.



ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ื™ื•ื ืช ืœื™ืก, ืฉื™ืจืœื™ ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืง, ืขื™ืจื™ืช ืื‘ื™ืจ

ืฉื™ืจืœื™ ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืง ื”ื™ื ืžืจืคืื” ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœืช ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›23 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื. ืฉื™ืจืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฆื™ืืช ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ื•ืžืœืžื“ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืžืฆืืช ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื.

ื™ื•ื ืช ืœื™ืก ื‘ืขืœืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™-ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ืžืฉื—ืง.

ืขื™ืจื™ืช ืื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื”, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืื™ื•ืจ. ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช, ื•ืื•ืฆืจืช ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.


ืฉืœื•ืฉืชืŸ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืžืฆืืช ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืงืจ ื•ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืœืฆื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืขืจืš ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช, ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื, ื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•"ื‘ืœืฉื™ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื" ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื, ื”ืคืฆืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ื›ื™ื, ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ืข ื•ื”ืคื’ืฉืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื.


ื›ื™ื•ื ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืžื—ืคืฉ ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—, ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืชื• ื ืจืงื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื” TOY MOVEMENT, ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฉืง ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘.





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